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The argument for paying their workers in scrip was that the secluded location of mining communities made it difficult to provide cash to the miners; however, a 1911 report by the Immigration Commission found that in some cases, miners were receiving only 30% of their wages in cash.
According to Lou Athey, the Charles A. Dana professor emeritus of history at Franklin & Marshall College in Pennsylvania, “Coal companies received significant advantages in using scrip. Scrip reduced the outflow of capital, strengthened company cash flow, and reduced payroll theft, thereby lowering the cost of security… Miners often received pay envelopes marked with a curling line across them, a symbol miners called the ‘bobtail check’ or the ‘snake.’ It meant no wages due.”
Though coal companies refused to exchange scrip with legal tender, some miners found other locals willing to purchase coal scrip for a fraction of its value.
To combat this, a 1925 West Virginia law, driven by coal lobbyist, made it unlawful for scrip to be transferred to a third party. This law further solidified the company’s power over employees, effectively holding them hostage from escaping to other jobs or regions of the nation.
From Coal Mining: The History of Scrip | Appalachian Magazine:
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Measures passed by the British Parliament in the 19th century regarding the method of payment of wages. Certain employers paid their workmen in goods or in tokens, which could be exchanged only at shops owned by the employers – the so‐called truck system. The Truck Act of 1831 listed many trades in which payment of wages must be made in coins. It was amended by an Act of 1887, which extended its provisions to cover virtually all manual workers.